Algal Toxins

Algal Toxins

 

Comparative study of domoic acid accumulation, isomer content and associated digestive subcellular processes in five marine invertebrate species

Jose Luis García-Corona, Helene Hegaret, Malwenn Lassudrie, Amelie Derrien, Aouregan Terre-Terrillon, Tome Delaire, Caroline Fabioux

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106793

Summary Report - One Health Harmful Algal Bloom System (OHHABS), United States, 2021

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

https://www.cdc.gov/habs/data/2021-ohhabs-data-summary.html

The detection of airborne anatoxin-a (ATX) on glass fiber filters during a harmful algal bloom

Sutherland JW, Turcotte RJ, Molden E, Moriarty V, Kelly M, Aubel M, Foss A.

(2021) Lake Reservoir Management 37:113–119

Harmful algal blooms and cyanotoxins in Lake Amatitlán, Guatemala, coincided with ancient Maya occupation in the watershed

Matthew Neal Waters, Mark Brenner, Jason Hilleary Curtis, Claudia Suseth Romero-Oliva, Margaret Dix, and Manuel Cano

(2021):PNAS DOI/Full/10.1073/PNAS.2109919118

Cyanotoxin occurrence in large rivers of the United States

Jennifer L. Graham, Neil M. Dubrovsky, Guy M. Foster, Lindsey R. King, Keith A. Loftin, Barry H. Rosen & Erin A. Stelzer

(2020):Inland Waters, DOI: 10.1080/20442041.2019.1700749

Interdisciplinary Resevoir Management- A Tool for Sustainable Water Resources Management.

Milan Daus, Katharina Koberger, Kaan Koca, Felx Beckers

Link to PDF

Mass Occurrence of Anatoxin-a- and Dihydroanatoxin-a-Producing Tychonema sp. in Mesotrophic Reservoir Mandichosee (River Lech, Germany) as a Cause of Neurotoxicosis in Dogs

Franziska Bauer , Jutta Fastner , Bernadett Bartha-Dima , Wolfram Breuer  , Almuth Falkenau , Christian Mayer  and Uta Raeder. 

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/11/726

A 4700-Year History of Cyanobacteria Toxin Production in a Shallow Subtropical Lake M. N. Waters*
Biology Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, Georgia 31698, USA. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10021-015-9943-0

Cyanotoxin occurrence in large rivers of the United States
Jennifer L. Graham, Neil M. Dubrovsky, Guy M. Foster, Lindsey R. King, Keith A. Loftin, Barry H. Rosen & Erin A. Stelzer: Inland Waters, DOI: 10.1080/20442041.2019.1700749

First report of anatoxin-a producing cyanobacteria in Australia illustrates need to regularly up-date monitoring strategies in a shifting global distribution
Nijoy John, Louise Baker, Brendan R. E. Ansell, Steven Newham, Nicholas D. Crosbie, Aaron R. Jex. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply (2018) April 20

The ability of household pitcher-style water purifiers to remove microcystins depends on filtration rate and activated carbon source
Justin D. Chaffin, Erica L. Fox, Callie A. Nauman, Kristen N. Slodysko. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply (2018) April 20

Occurrence of harmful cyanobacteria in drinking water from a severely drought-impacted semi-arid region
Juline M. Walter, Fabyano A. C. Lopes, Mônica Lopes-Ferreira, Lívia M. Vidal, Luciana Leomil, Fabiana Melo, Girlene S. de Azevedo, Rossandra M. S. Oliveira, Alba J. Medeiros, Adriana S. O. Melo, Carlos E. De Rezende, Amilcar Tanuri and Fabiano L. Thompson. Front. Microbiol. (2018) 9: Article 176

Evaluation of microcystin contamination in blue-green algal dietary supplements using a protein phosphatase inhibition-based test kit
David W. Marsana, Stephen M. Conrad, Whitney L. Stutts, Christine H. Parker, Jonathan R. Deeds. Heliyon (2018) 4: e00573

Algal Blooms and Cyanotoxins in Jordan Lake, North Carolina
Daniel Wiltsie, Astrid Schnetzer, Jason Green, Mark Vander Borgh, Elizabeth Fensin. Toxins (2018) 10: 92

Effect of chlorination by-products on the quantitation of microcystins in finished drinking water
Laura Rosenblum, Alan Zaffiro, William A. Adams, Steven C. Wendelken. Toxicon (2017) 138: 138-144

Algal bloom response and risk management: On-site response tools
Susan B. Watson, Arthur Zastepa, Gregory L. Boyer, Eric Matthews. Toxicon (2017) 129: 144-152

Cyanotoxins: Which detection technique for an optimum risk assessment?
Virginie Gaget, Melody Lau, Barbara Sendall, Suzanne Froscio, Andrew R. Humpage. Water Research (2017) 118: 227–238

Validation of ELISA methods for search and quantification of β-n-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) in water and fish tissue.
Maria Teresa Clausi, Valeria Vita, Milena Bruno, Cinzia Franchino, Gianluca Trifirò, Maria Paola Palumbo, Francesca Floridi, Rita De Pace. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (2016) 96: 1290-1299

US EPA Method 546: Determination of Total Microcystins and Nodularins in Drinking Water and Ambient Water by ADDA Enzyme-Linked Immuosorbent Assay.
Alan Zaffiro, Laura Rosenblum, Steven C. Wendelken. US EPA, 24 pp, 815-B-16-011, September 2016.

Spatial and temporal variation in microcystins occurrence in wadeable streams in the Southeastern USA.
Keith A. Loftin, Jimmy M. Clark, Celeste A. Journey, Dana W. Kolpin, Peter C. Van Metre, and Paul M. Bradley. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.3391

The effects of water sample treatment, preparation, and storage prior to cyanotoxin analysis for cylindrospermopsin, microcystin and saxitoxin.
Lisa Kamp, Jennifer L. Church, Justin Carpino, Erin Faltin-Mara, Fernando Rubio. Chemico-Biological Interactions (2016) 246:45-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.016.

Effects of trophic status on microcystin production and the dominance of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton assemblage of Mediterranean reservoirs.
Maria Antonietta Mariani, Bachisio Mario Padedda, Jan Kaštovský, Paola Buscarinu, Nicola Sechi, Tomasa Virdis & Antonella Lugliè. Scientific Reports (2015) 5: Article number 17964. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep17964

Draft White Paper on Cyanotoxin Treatment.
Ohio EPA and American Water Works Association (2015).

Transfer of microcystin from freshwater lakes to Puget Sound, WA and toxin accumulation in marine mussels (Mytilus trossulus).
E.P. Preece, Barry C. Moore, and F. Joan Hardy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2015) 122:98-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.013

Evaluation of three field test kits to detect microcystins from a public health perspective.
Rocia Aranda-Rodriguez, Zhiyun Jin, Jeromy Harvie, Ashley Cabecinha. Harmful Algae (2015) 42:34-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.01.001.

Biodegradation of [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR by a bacterium isolated from sediment of Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil.
Gilmar AF Lemes, Luiza W Kist, Mauricio R Bogo, João S Yunes. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases (2015) 21:4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40409-015-0001-3

2015 Drinking Water Health Advisories for Two Cyanobacterial Toxins.
U.S. EPA Office of Water, document 820F15003 (2015).

Biomarkers of brevetoxin exposure and composite toxin levels in hard clam (Mercenaria sp.) exposed to Karenia brevis blooms. 
Ann Abraham, Kathleen R. El Said, Yuesong Wang, Edward L.E. Jester, Steven M. Plakas, Leanne J. Flewelling, Michael S. Henry, Richard H. Pierce. Toxicon 96 (2015) 82-88; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.014

Responses of sympatric Karenia brevis, Prorocentrum minimum, and Heterosigma akashiwo to the exposure of crude oil.
Koray Özhan, Sibel Bargu. Ecotoxicology (2014) 23:1387-1398; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-014-1281-z.

First report of microcystin-producing Fischerella sp. (Stigonematales, Cyanobacteria) in tropical Australia. 
Samuel Cires, Carlos Alvarez-Roa, Susanna A. Wood, Jonathan Puddick, Virginia Loza, Kirsten Heimann. Toxicon 88 (2014) 62-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.06.010.

Phylogenies of microcystin-producing Cyanobacteria in the Lower Laurentian Great Lakes suggest extensive genetic connectivity.
Timothy W. Davis, Susan B. Watson, Mark J. Rozmarynowycz, Jan J.H. Ciborowski, Robert Michael McKay, George S. Bullerjahn. PLOS One, Sept. (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106093.

Thicker filaments of Aphanizomenon gracile are more harmful to Daphnia than thinner Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii.
Lukasz Wejnerowski, Slawek Cerbin, Marcin Krzysztof Dziuba. Zoological Studies (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40555-014-0084-5.

Colorimetric microtiter plate receptor-binding assay for the detection of freshwater and marine neurotoxins targeting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Fernando Rubio, Lisa Kamp, Justin Carpino, Erin Faltin, Keith Loftin, Jordi Molgo, Romulo Araoz. Toxicon 91 (2014) 45-56.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.073

Exposure to the cyanotoxin microcystin arising from interspecific differences in feeding habits among fish and shellfish in the James Rive Estuary, Virginia.
Wood, James D. et al. Environmental Science and Technology (2014), 48: 5194-5202.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es403491k

Cylindrospermopsin accumulation and release by the benthic cyanobacteriumOscillatoria spPCC 6506 under different light conditions and growth phases.
Myriam, B. et al. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 92. (2014) 2:243-247.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-013-1144-y

Exposure to the cyanotoxin microcystin arising from inter-specific differences in feeding habits among fish and shellfish in the James River Estuary, Virginia.
Wood, J.D. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2014).http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es403491k

Recognition of an important water quality issue at zoos: prevalence and potential threat of toxic cyanobacteria.
Doster, E. et al. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine(2014) 45(1): 174-177.

Experimental manipulation of TN:TP ratios suppress cyanobacterial biovolume and microcystin concentration in large-scalein situmesocosms.
Harris, Ted D. et al. Lake and Reservoir Management (2014) 30:72-83.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2013.876131

The extraction and analysis of cylindrospermopsin from human serum and urine.
Foss A.J., Aubel M.T. Toxicon (2013) 70: 54-61.http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.007

Invasive dreissenid mussels and round gobies: a benthic pathway for the trophic transfer of microcystin.
Amanda E. Poste and Ted Ozersky. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (2013) vol. 32, 9:2159-2164.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2287

The presence of microcystins in fish Cyprinus carpio tissues: a histopathological study.
Mitsoura et al. International Aquatic Research (2013) 5:8.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2008-6970-5-8

Monitoring toxic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins (microcystins and cylindrospermopsins) in four recreational reservoirs (Khon Kaen, Thailand).
Somdee et al. Environ Monit Assess (2013) 185:9521-9529.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3270-8

Assessment of Cylindrospermopsin Toxin in an Arid Saudi Lake Containing Dense Cyanobacterial Bloom.
Mohamed ZA, Sl-Shehri AM. Environ Monit Assess (2013) 185:2157-2166.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2696-8

Microcystin Producing Cyanobacterial Communities in Amvrakikos Gulf (Mediterranean Sea, NW Greece) and Toxin Accumulation in Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
Vareli K, Zarali E, Zacharioudakis GSA, Vagenas G, Varelis V, Pilidis G, Briasoulis E, Saninis I. Harmful Algae (2012) 109-118.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.12.005

Assessment of Microcystin Distribution and Biomagnification in Tissues of Aquatic Food Web Compartments from a Shallow Lake and Evaluation of Potential Risks to Public Health.
Papadimitriou T, Kagalou I, Stalikas C, Pilidis G, Leonardos I D. Ecotoxicology (2012) 21:1155-1166.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-0870-y

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Cyanotoxins and Their Relation to Other Water Quality Variables in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2007-2009.
Eldridge SLC, Wood TM, Echols KR. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigation Report (2012), 2012-5069, 34 p.http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5069/pdf/sir20125069.pdf

Onboard Screening Dockside Testing as a New Means of Managing Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Risks in Federally Closed Waters.
DeGrasse S, Conrad S, DiStefano P, Vanegas C, Wallace D, Jensen P, Hickey JM, Cenci F, Pitt J, Deardorr D, Rubio F, Easy D, Donovan MA, Laycock M, Rouse D, Mullen J. Deep-Sea Research II:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.01.036

Toxin Content and Cytotoxicity of Algal Dietary Supplements.
Heussner AH, Mazija L, Fastner J, Dietrich DR. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (2012), 265:263-271.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.005

Evaluation of the Abraxis Strip Test for Microcystins for Use with Wastewater Effluent and Reservoir Water.
Humpage AR, Froscio SM, Lau H-M, Murphy D, Blackbeard J. Water Research (2012), 46:1556-1565.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.015

Quantitative assessment of aerosolized cyanobacterial toxins at two New Zealand lakes.
S.A. Wood and D.R. Dietrich. J. Environ. Monit. (2011) 13:1617.http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1em10102a

Effects of Freshwater Input on Nutrient Loading, Phytoplankton Biomass, and Cyanotoxin Production in an Oligohaline Estuarine Lake.
Bargu S, White JR, Li C, Czubakowski J, Fulweiler RW. Hydrobiologia, 2011, 661: 377-389.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/S10750-010-0545-8

Bioaccumulation of Microcystins By Fish Associated with A Persistent Cyanobacterial Bloom In Lago De Patzcuaro (Michoacan, Mexico).
Berry JP, Lee E, Walton K, Wilson AE, and Bernal-Brooks F. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2011 SETAC.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.548

Cyanotoxin mixtures and taste-and-odor compounds in cyanobacterial blooms from the Midwestern United States.
Graham, J.L. et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2010) 44: 7361-7368.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es1008938

Evaluating the Potential Risk of Microcystins to Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) Fisheries and Human Health in a Eutrophic Estuary.
Garcia AC, Bargu S, Dash P, Rabalais NN, Sutor M, Morrison W, Walker ND. Harmful Algae (2010) 134-143.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.08.011

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin-producing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in northeast Germany.
Ballot A, Fastner J, Wiedner C. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010, 76(4): 1173-80.http://dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.02285-09

Composition and Toxic Potential of Cyanoprokaryota in Vacha Dam (Bulgaria).
I. Teneva, D. Belkinova, I. Dimitrova-Dyulgerova, M. Vlaknova and R. Mladenov. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 2010, 24:2, 26-32 special edition.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2010.10817804

Phytoplankton community of the drinking water supply reservoir Borovitsa (South Bulgaria) with an emphasis on cyanotoxins and water quality.
Ivanka Teneva, Rumen Mladenov, Detelina Belkinova, Ivanka Dimitrova-Dyulgerova and Balik Dzhambazov. Central European Journal of Biology (2010), 5(2): 231-239.http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-010-0009-1

Responses of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to two tropical toxic cyanobacteria (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Microcystis aeruginosa) in pure and mixed diets with green algae.
Maria Carolina Silva Soares, Miquel Lürling, Vera L.M. Huszar. J. Plankton Res. (2010) 32 (7): 999-1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq042

The cylindrospermopsin gene cluster of Aphanizomenon sp. strain 10E6: organization and recombination.
Anke Stüken, Kjetill S. Jakobsen; Microbiology (2010), 156: 2438-2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.036988-0

Microcystin Production in Epiphytic Cyanobacteria on Submerged Macrophytes.
Mohamed Z.A., Al Shehri A.M.; Toxicon (2010) 55: 1346-1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.02.007

Cyanotoxin Mixtures and Taste-and-Odor Compounds in Cyanobacterial Blooms from the Midwestern United States.
Jennifer L. Graham, Keith A. Loftin, Michael T. Meyer, and Andrew C. Ziegler. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2010) 44 (19): 7361–7368

Accumulation of Microcystins in Water and Fish Tissues: An Estimation of Risks Associated with Microcystins in Most of the Greek Lakes.
Papadimitriou T, Kagalou I, Bacopoulos V, Leonardos ID. Environmental Toxicology (2009), pg 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20513

A survey for the presence of microcystins in aquaculture ponds in Zaria, Northern-Nigeria: Possible public health implication.
Chia, A.M., Oniye, S.J., Ladan, Z., Lado, Z., Pila, A.E., Inekwe, V.U., Mmerole, J.U.; African Journal of Biotechnology (2009), 22: 6282-6289. http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJB/article-full-text-pdf/C97B75A14034

Novel toxic effects associated with a tropical Limnothrix/Geitlerinema-like cyanobacterium.
Bernard C, Froscio S, Campbell R, Monis P, Humpage A, Fabbro L. Environ Toxicol. 2009 Nov 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20552

Survey of Toxic Algal (Microcystin) Distribution in Florida Lakes.
Bigham D.L., Hoyer M.V., Canfield Jr. D.E.; Lake and Reservoir Management 2009, 25:264-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438140903136555

Microcystin in Minnesota Lakes.
Heiskary S., Lindon M.; Lakeline (2009), 29(2): 23-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402381.2014.917347

The Nebraska Experience.
Brakhage P.A. Lakeline (2009) 29(2): 29-33.

The Presence of Microcystins in Aquatic Ecosystems in Northern Nigeria: Zaria as a Case Study.
Chia A.M., Abolude D.S., Ladan Z., Akanbi O., Kalaboms A. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 2009, 3(4): 170-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjet.2009.170.178

Phytoplankton Assemblages and Monitoring of Cyanotoxins in Trakiets Reservoir.
Teneva I., Belkinova D., Dimitrova-Dyulgerova I., Mladenov R. Scientific researches of the Union of Scientists in Bulgaria-Plovdiv, series B. Natural Sciences and Humanities, vol. 12, ISSN 1311-9192, Technics, Technologies, Natural Sciences and Humanities Session, 5-6 November 2009. http://web.uni-plovdiv.bg/teneva/pdf/2009-SUB244-249.pdf

The first occurrence of the cyanobacterial alkaloid toxin cylindrospermopsin in the Czech Republic as determined by immunochemical and LC/MS methods.
Lucie Bláhová, Michal Oravec, Blahoslav Maršálek, Lenka Šejnohová, Zdeněk Šimek, and Luděk Bláha. Toxicon 2009, 53(5): 519-524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.01.014

Comparative determination of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) using five different toxin detection methods in shellfish species collected in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
Costa PR, Baugh KA, Wright B, Ralonde R, Nance SL, Tatarenkova N, Etheridge SM, Lefebvre KA. Toxicon. 2009 Sep 1;54(3):313-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.04.023

Effect of Irrigation with Lake Water Containing Microcystins on Microcystin Content and Growth of Ryegrass, Clover, Rape, and Lettuce.
J.R. Crush, L.R. Briggs, J.M. Sprosen, S.N. Nichols; Environ Toxicol (2008), 23: 246–252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20331

Microcystin concentrations and genetic diversity of Microcystis in the lower Great Lakes.
Dyble J, Fahnenstiel GL, Litaker RW, Millie DF, Tester PA. Environ Toxicol. 2008, 23(4):507-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.20370

Characterization of Intracellular and Extracellular Saxitoxin Levels in Both Field and Cultured Alexandrium spp. Samples from Sequim Bay, Washington.
Kathi A. Lefebvre, Brian D. Bill, Aleta Erickson, Keri A. Baugh, Lohna O’Rourke, Pedro R. Costa, Shelly Nance, Vera L. Trainer. Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 117-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20080006

Recreational Exposure to Low Concentrations of Microcystins During an Algal Bloom in a Small Lake.
Lorraine C. Backer, Wayne Carmichael, Barbara Kirkpatrick, Christopher Williams, Mitch Irvin, Yue Zhou, Trisha B. Johnson, Kate Nierenberg, Vincent R. Hill, Stephanie M. Kieszak, Yung-Sung Cheng; Mar. Drugs (2008), 6(2), 389-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md6020389

Guidelines for Design and Sampling for Cyanobacterial Toxin and Taste-and-Odor Studies in Lakes and reservoirs.
Jennifer L. Graham, Keith A. Loftin, Andrew C. Ziegler, and Michael T. Meyer. US Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5038 (2008)

Cyanotoxin ELISA Testing in Delaware.
Edythe Humphries, Katie Painter, and Ben Pressly. State of Delaware Environmental Laboratory (2008)

Comparison of Two Cell Lysis Procedures for Recovery of Microcystins in Water Samples from Silver Lake in Dover, Delaware, with Microcystin Producing Cyanobacterial Accumulations.
Loftin K.A., Meyer M.T., Rubio F., Kamp L., Humphries E., Whereat E.; U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2008-1341.

Development of Sensitive Immunoassay Formats for Algal Toxins.
Rubio F., Kamp L., Church J., Slawecki R.; Abstracts of Papers, 234th ACS National Meeting, Boston, MA, Aug. 19-23, 2007, AGRO-005.

Characterization of Aerosols Containing Microcystin.
Cheng Y.S., Zhou Y., Irvin C.M., Kirkpatrick B., Backer L.C.; Marine Drugs 2007, 5: 136-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md504136

Epidemiology of recreational exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria – an international prospective cohort study.
Ian Stewart, et al. BMC Public Health 2006, 6:93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-93

Recovery of MC-LR in Fish Liver Tissue.
Ernst B., Dietz L., Hoeger S.J., Dietrich D.R.; Environmental Toxicology 20 (2005), 4: 449-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5345-0

A review of analytical methods for assessing the public health risk from microcystin in the aquatic environment.
Peter R. Hawkins, Sreten Novic, Peter Cox, Brett A. Neilan, Brendan P. Burns, Glen Shaw, Wasa Wickramasinghe, Yuwadee Peerapornpisal, Werawan Ruangyuttikarn, Tomoaki Itayama, Takeshi Saitou, Motoyuki Mizuochi and Yuhei Inamori. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology (2005), 54.8: 509-518.

Congener-Independent Immunoassay for Microcystins and Nodularins.
Fischer W.J., Garthwaite I., Miles C.O., Ross K.M., Aggen J.B., Chamberlin A.R., Towers N.R., Dietrich D.R.; Environ. Sci. Technol. (2001), 35: 4849-4856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es011182f

Current Situation and Perspective for HABs Monitoring on the Russian Pacific Coast.
Orlova T. http://www.cearac-project.org/1stCEAWS/abst_PDF/2-4_Orlova_.pdfF/2-4_Orlova_.pdf.

Toxicity of the Diatom Genus Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae): Insights from Toxicity Test and Genetic Screening in the Northern Adriatic Sea

Timotej Turk Dermastia, Sonia Dall'Ara, Jozica Dolenc, Patricija Mozetic; http://www.cearac-project.org/1stCEAWS/abst_PDF/2-4_Orlova_.pdfF/2-4_Orlova_.pdf.